Education about Biodegradable & Compostable

Biodegradable and compostable are terms used when describing organic materials breaking down in a specific environment. Both terms are often used when defining environmentally friendly products. The term biodegradable is very often misused in marketing and advertising of products and materials that are not actually environmentally friendly. (The State of California outlawed the use of the terms “biodegradable,” “degradable,” or “decomposable,” or any form of those terms because of all the abuse and greenwashing. See more.) This is why JOFOV-ECOBAGS® Americas only uses the term “Compostable” when describing, marketing, and labeling our products. All of JOFOV-ECOBAGS’s products are third-party certified compostable. You can see our certifications here.

Biodegradable
The definition of biodegradable is that a material is capable of undergoing biological anaerobic or aerobic degradation leading to the production of CO2, H2O, methane, biomass, and mineral salts, depending on the environmental conditions of the process. An important role in biodegradation is played by microorganisms, which are present in the environment and fed mostly by organic waste. However, unlike compostable, the term biodegradable means very little as everything is biodegradable given time. Thus, it is very important to specify the environment where biodegradation is intended to take place.

Compostable
Composting is the process of breaking down organic waste by microbial digestion to create compost. Compost has many beneficial uses including improving and fertilizing soil. To go through a composting process, organic waste requires the right level of heat, water, and oxygen. In a pile of organic waste, there are millions of tiny microbes that consume the waste, transforming the organic materials into compost. In order to claim that a product is fully compostable, the product has to meet all the requirements in the European Norm EN 13432 and/or the US Standard ASTM D6400. Both specifications require that biodegradable/compostable products completely decompose in a composting setting in a specific time frame, leaving no harmful residues behind. All of JOFOV-ECOBAGS products meet the requirements of the US Standard ASTM D6400 and the European Norm EN 13432.

Oxo-degradable
In this section we also wanted to address and define the term, “Oxo-degradable.” Many plastic products that DO NOT and CAN NOT meet the compostability standards have labeled themselves Oxo-Degradable. These plastics are mainly based on polyethylene and contain additives that cause the plastic to degrade. The additives are typically organic compounds of transition metals (such as cobalt, iron, nickel, and manganese).

More specifically, Oxidative degradation is a complex series of chemical reactions in which the long chains of polyethylene molecules are broken down into shorter lengths by the action of oxygen, ultra-violet light and/or heat. This degradation process causes deterioration in the strength of the plastic, which becomes brittle and easily fragments into small pieces. “Fragment” is the key here. The fate of plastic fragments that remain in the soil is an area of uncertainty. Although these are regarded as beneficial by the producers, concerns have been raised that these particles of plastic may be ingested by invertebrates, birds, animals or fish. Additionally, one should also should be quite suspicious of any manufacturer making claims that their products will degrade in an air-locked landfill, which is absent of oxygen and ultra-violet light. The majority of landfills in the U.S. are anaerobic (air-locked) landfills.

Again, Oxo-degradable plastics are not compostable, according to established international standards EN13432 and ASTM 6400. Oxo-degradable plastics should not be included in waste going for composting, because the plastic fragments remaining after the composting process might adversely affect the quality and saleability of the compost.

Also, Oxo-degradable plastics are not suitable for recycling with main-stream plastics as they have an adverse effect on the quality and usability of the finished recycled product.

To be perfectly clear-BioBags are NOT Oxo-degradable plastics.
To learn more about oxo-degradability and plastics, see this Environmental Impacts of Oxo-degradable study here. There are many more resources on the internet regarding this topic as well. Please call us with any questions about the differences between Compostable Bags and Oxo-degradable bags.

Education about Composting

Compost Terminology

Here are some simple composting terms:
Composting: Controlled decomposition of organic materials
Compost: Partially decomposed organic matter
Humus: Completely decomposed organic matter
Mulch: Organic or inorganic spread on soil surface
Browns or the Carbon component in the composting process: Leaves, sawdust, wood chips
Greens or the Nitrogen component in the composting process: Manure, food waste, spent flowers, nitrogen fertilizers, grass clippings
The Ideal Mixture of Brown to Green when composting is a ratio of 30:1 (30 Brown : 1 Green)

Composting Benefits

Improves soil condition and structure
Increases the soil’s ability to hold water
Support living organisms
Helps dissolves mineral forms of nutrients
Buffers soil from chemical imbalances
May provide biological control of certain pests
Helps return organic materials to the soil and keep them out of landfills and waterways
Composting
Anaerobic (without oxygen): decomposition that is often called fermentation or putrefaction. It is usually accompanied by the release of methane or the foul odor of hydrogen sulfide (rotten egg smell). Anaerobic decomposition occurs slowly and little heat is generated.

Aerobic (with oxygen): a naturally occurring process in nature where organic waste is converted into humus. There is little to no smell. The process creates lots of energy in the form of heat. The heat is an advantage as it destroys pathogens and parasites.

The cast of characters that aid in composting are: bacteria, fungi, millipedes, earthworms and other living inhabitants.

There are 3 types of bacteria:
Psychrophilic (low temperature bacteria)
Mesophilic (40 – 110 degrees F) they do most of the work in the compost piles
Thermophilic (104 – 200 degrees F)
All bacteria need nitrogen and carbon to survive and thrive. Nitrogen provides the microbes with the raw element to multiply. Carbon is the energy source. The bacteria get a complete meal when the carbon to nitrogen ratio is 30:1.

Moisture content of 40% – 60% is ideal for bacteria. If it is less than 40%, the bacteria slow down and go dormant. If the moisture content is 60%+, it is too wet which means the pile looses too much air and anaerobic conditions set in.

Turning the pile brings fresh air to the microbes in which their numbers multiply quickly. More microbes = Faster decomposition = Quicker compost

As the pile cools or in the later stages of decomposition, other larger organisms settle in.

Fungi are major decomposers in the compost pile however, not as efficient as bacteria
Nematodes or roundworms
Fermentation mites
Springtails
Wolf Spiders
Centipedes
Sow bugs
Ground beetles
Earthworms
A slight detour – One cool factoid about Grass Clippings:
Grass clippings can be directly recycled by letting them fall back in the lawn as you mow. Clippings are 90% water and break down quickly, releasing nutrients equivalent to one or two fertilizations a year.

Compost what?

Now, depending on what method of composting you participate in will determine the material input that can be composted. Of course through industrial composting where machinery, technology, manpower and time are readily available, many more things can be composted including dog waste, meat and dairy products. These three items are not normally recommended for home composting. If you participate in a residential (curb-side) or commercial composting program, please check with your local facility to get the proper rules and regulations. To locate a facility near you, visit findacomposter.com.

This is a sample of items that should be A-OK for your home composting.

Fruit and vegetables left overs (stalks, seeds, peels, skins)
Breads, grains, rice, flour, cereal, pasta
Yard trimmings, wood chips, plants, flowers, leaves, straw, hay
Natural fibers (cotton, wool, linen)
Hair (human and animal)
Feathers
Herbivore manure
Coffee grounds and filters as well as tea leaves and bags (no staples)
Newsprint, paper, cardboard, paper plates, cups and napkins
Eggshells
Home compostable certified products

Types of Compost Units

Compost units can be classified in many ways but the two most popular are “holding units” and “turning units”. Holding units include bins, which have been constructed from wire, wood, masonry, plastic, or combo of these materials. Turning units normally include barrels that are turned horizontally or end to end.

When setting up a holding or turning bin, make sure it is in an area protected from drying winds and where it can be reached by a garden hose. It is also a good idea to place the unit/bin in a shady area, away from direct sunlight.

Holding Bin Units

Holding Bins are most popular type of home compost unit. They are the simplest and least expensive type of bin however; they are slower to produce compost. Depending on the maintenance, these can take 6 months to 2 years to produce finished compost.

No matter if you are using wire, wood or plastic, the bin composting units should be at least 3 feet wide, 3 feet long and 3 feet high. Larger constructed units will work even better because of better heat retention.

Holding Bin Unit for Composting
It is very beneficial to construct two or three units/ segments. These type of units facilitate turning and maturing of the composting material. You start at one end of the unit by adding your mixture of browns and greens (30:1). As the first pile decomposes, you move it down to the second section and start all over in the first section. As the second section breaks down even more, you move it to the third section for final curing. Once the third section is finished composting and the compost has been collected, you move the second into the third, the first into the second and start all over again with the first. You’ll always have compost in its different decomposition stages.

Whether you use the sectional holding bin or a single section holding bin, the best way to go about creating a compost pile is the Sandwich Method.

Alternate layers of green and brown material
Water each layer until moist (not wet) before adding an additional layer on top
Keep layering until the pile is about 3 feet tall, ending with a layer of browns (Smaller particles decompose faster so try to mulch or cut up the larger yard and food scraps)

Turning Units

The turning units should produce compost more quickly than a holding unit. If they are attentively managed, they can produce compost in two months or less. Barrel units tend to have smaller capacities than most other bins, including holding bins, which make them better suited for people with small amounts of yard trimmings and food scraps. Turning units are a great option for deterring pests however, organic waste shouldn’t be continuously added but stockpiled until the first batch as been processed. As you can imagine, stockpiling organics in itself can be problematic.

Turning Unit for Composting
The most commonly used turning units are plastic barrels. Barrel compost units can be turned on either the vertical or horizontal axis depending on the manufacturer set up or how you build one.

Maintaining Your Pile

Once you have decided on which type of compost pile you wish to have – a holding unit or a turning unit – it is time for the fun part – composting!

Composting might appear to a novice as terribly complicated and only for the green thumbed gardener, but anyone can do it! The below outline of how to manage a compost system is mainly for a holding unit.

Maintaining Compost
Location, Location, Location!

Location is one of the most important factors when setting up and maintaining your bin. The most ideal place to put your compost bin is in a shady area where it is shielded from harsh sun and winds. Direct sun can cause your pile to dry out quickly. Having a water hose close by would also be smart so that if watering is needed, you have it nearby. Also, make sure it is in a spot that is convenient for you to add your kitchen scraps. The more efficient and easier it is, the bigger the chance of success!

How to Make Your Neighbors Green with Envy

Once your compost unit is built in a prime location, you are now ready to add the ingredients! It is recommended that you add mixed green and brown materials in layers, using the sandwich method mentioned above, making sure to water each layer separately as you add them.

Odlaw

In the early days your compost pile will be very warm. It might even steam a little, but no need to sound the fire alarm since this is normal. Heating indicates that the material is composting normally.
In order to maintain your neighbors envy with the perfect compost, you will need to turn your pile frequently with a pitchfork, shovel or tool. By turning the pile frequently you are helping provide oxygen to the compost-creating microbes. More microbes = Faster decomposition = Quicker compost.

Check the temperature of your pile on a regular basis and turn the pile when it reaches about 140F+ or below 100F. If it is too difficult to monitor the temperature on an ongoing basis, just try to turn the pile about twice a week.

Also, regularly check the moisture level. Add water to the pile if it looks too dry. A good rule of thumb is to add water every time you turn the pile. If the compost looks too wet, add more dry browns to the pile. Make sure you monitor the odor as well. Too much water in the system causes overly strong, odorous piles. If this is the case try adding more browns to the pile like mentioned above.

Identifying finished compost and how to apply it correctly

Here are some simple tips that let you know all your hard work, and the efforts of the microbes, have paid off.

Finished Compost
DING, Compost is Done!

The compost should be ready to use after 1 – 12 months, depending on the thoroughness of your management and how finely the pieces of organics were shredded when added to the pile.

The compost pile isn’t generating a substantial amount of heat as it did during the most active cycle.

The material will look dark, will be crumbly, fairly dry and have an earthly odor. You shouldn’t have any recognizable organics.

Where to put It, What to do with it?

Depending on the intended use, the compost can be put through a ½ inch screen before using. The larger particles can be returned to the pile for further decomposition if needed.

Soil Amendment: The compost can be worked into the garden soil adding beneficial nutrients. Do this by adding a layer of 1 – 3 inches. The compost also increases a sandy’s soil ability to retain moisture, improves drainage of clayey soil, increases biological activity of earthworms, reduces the adverse effect of excessive acidity and allows the plant to hold more nutrients for longer periods of time.

Potting Mix: Compost can be blended with perlite, soil, sand and other potting materials to make a great potting mix for your plants.

Mulch: Compost as mulch is extremely valuable because it reduces rainfall runoff, decreases water evaporation loss, helps control weeds and keeps the soil cooler in hot weather and warmer in cold weather. Apply a 2 – 3 inch layer on the top of soil around trees, flowers, shrubs and other plants.

Compost Tea: “Compost tea” can be used to water your plants, adding the advantageous nutrients from the compost. Fill a burlap bag with compost and place in a barrel of water, then use the water to fertilize and hydrate your plants.